By Afua Hirsch, Social Affairs and Education Editor
Pupils were "vulnerable to extremism" in Birmingham schools which were targeted by hardline Muslim governors in a "planned and orchestrated" plot, the chief inspector of schools has said.
Speaking to MPs on the education select committee, Sir Michael Wilshaw said there was no evidence of actual extremism.
However, his inspectors had found schools implicated in the so-called "Trojan Horse" plot used deliberate intimidation against those who did not conform to their ideology, leaving pupils at risk.
"We didn't see extremism," Sir Michael said.
"What we did see was the promotion of a culture which, if continued, would have made those children vulnerable to extremism.
"I spoke to eight or nine headteachers. They believed it was planned and orchestrated.
Five Birmingham schools are in special measures following an investigation "They believed people got together and decided which schools to target.
"They believed there was a strategy to infiltrate governing bodies."
Sir Michael was called to give evidence to the committee one month after Ofsted published its reports into 21 schools where there was concern children were not being adequately safeguarded and that their education was not in line with "British values".
He told MPs inspectors found children were "emotionally disconnected and culturally isolated from society which would have made them vulnerable to extremism".
The reports saw five schools placed into special measures - the most serious finding - three of which had previously been rated outstanding by the inspectorate.
Asked to explain the dramatic change in ratings over a relatively short period, Sir Michael denied Ofsted deserved criticism for earlier failing to spot evidence pupils were vulnerable to extremism.
"There was a rapid decline in the effectiveness of leadership and management," he said.
"We are in schools for a day and a half. It is easy to miss those issues if heads are frightened or teachers are frightened and fear they will lose their jobs or be picked on."
In what is likely to be interpreted as a criticism of Government policy, which allows academies to set their own curriculum, Sir Michael also suggested teaching students the national curriculum was a reliable way to ensure all schools promoted "British values".
"The curriculum is a key vehicle for ensuring youngsters are exposed to the culture in this country and British values," he said.
"That's why I worry that with the freedoms that now operate, sensible heads will operate like I did (teaching the national curriculum) while some won't ... we need to spend more time looking at curriculum issues."
The Government is conducting its own inquiry into extremism, headed by former counter-terrorism chief Peter Clarke, who is expected to report back this summer.
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